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About Bone China and Porcelain
Bone china Bone china is a type of porcelain body initially produced in Great Britain in which calcined ox bone, bone ash, is a major constituent. It is characterized by supreme whiteness, translucency and strength. may be an example of this procedure. The first use of bone ash in ceramics is attributed to Thomas Frye in seventeen-forty-eight in which he used it to develop a kind of soft-paste porcelain. In As the 18th century drew to a close, Josiah Spode carried on with further developments, and duly popularised it, by combining it with china clay, kaolin and China stone to compete with the imported Oriental porcelain. The original elemental recipe of three and a half parts china clay, six parts bone ash, and four parts china stone still remains the standard English body. The manufacture of bone china generally uses a two stage firing process where the initial "biscuit" is fired without a glaze at 1280°C (2336°F) giving a semiopaque product and then it is glost, or glaze, fired at a lower setting less than 1080°C (1976°F). Soft-paste porcelain Soft-paste porcelain is a kind of porcelain and consequently a ceramic product. Its origin dates from the initial trials by European potters to clone Chinese porcelain by using mixtures of china clay and ground-up glass (also known as frit); soapstone and lime were known to have also been included in some combinations. As these early concoctions were prone to high pyroplastic deformation, or slumping in the oven at high temperature, they were not economical to produce. Formulations were later used based on kaolin, nepheline syenite, feldspars, quartz and other feldspathic rocks. These were technically superior and are still in production to this day. Hard-paste porcelain Hard-paste porcelain is a hard, dense ceramic that was first manufactured from a mixture of the feldspathic rock petuntse and kaolin fired at very high temperature. It was first produced in China in around the 9th century. The secret of its manufacture was not known in Europe until the early seventeen hundreds, when Böttger of Meissen, Germany discovered the formula. Despite attempts to keep it secret, the process spread to other German ceramic factories and eventually became used throughout the length and breadth of Europe. Hard-paste porcelain is known to be fired at a range of temperatures to manufacture many different end results. Depending on the firing technique, hard-paste porcelain can resemble earthenware or stoneware. But generally, it is not necessary to utilize hard-paste porcelain for these lower temperature ceramics. Hard-paste porcelain can be used to create porcelain bisque, a hard crystalline material fired at extremely high temperatures in a pressure controlled environment. This method produces a translucid bright white ceramic. Unlike other bisque ceramics, porcelain bisque is almost impermeable by water, therefore it becomes unnecessary to glaze the body before painting. Manufacturers such as Hummel, Precious Moments and Lladro employ hard-paste porcelain simply for this reason. |
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This intel was contributed by alonzo
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May, 2012
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